Middlesbrough




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This article is about the town in North East England. For other uses, see Middlesbrough (disambiguation).
Borough of Middlesbrough
—  Town, Borough & Unitary authority  —
Skyline of Middlesbrough town centre
Nickname(s): Boro (current),
Ironopolis (obsolete)
Coordinates: 54°34′31″N 1°14′03″W / 54.57528°N 1.23417°W / 54.57528; -1.23417Coordinates: 54°34′31″N 1°14′03″W / 54.57528°N 1.23417°W / 54.57528; -1.23417
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Constituent countryEngland
RegionNorth East England
 CountyCleveland
Founded1830
Admin. HQMiddlesbrough











Area
 • Total20.80 sq mi (53.88 km2)
Area rank268th
Population (2011 est.)
 • Total138,400 (Ranked 142nd)
Time zoneGreenwich Mean Time (UTC+0)
 • Summer (DST)British Summer Time (UTC+1)
Postcode
ISO 3166-2
ONS code00EC (ONS)
E06000002 (GSS)
OS grid reference
NUTS 3
Ethnicity93.7% English
1.1% Mixed Race
5.1% S.Asian
1.0% Black
Websitemiddlesbrough.gov.uk
Middlesbrough (Listeni/ˈmɪdəlzbrə/ MID-əlz-brə) is a large town situated on the south of the Celtic named river Tees ( Tess ) 
"Erimus" ("We shall be"), in Latin, was chosen as Middlesbrough's motto in 1830, to signify the town's will to grow. The town's coat of arms show an azure lion beneath 2 ships to represent the port of Middlesbrough. The design is based on that of the Brus family who owned the site on which Middlesbrough is built.

Contents

 [hide] 

[edit] History

[edit] Early history

In 686, a monastic cell was consecrated by St. Cuthbert at the request of St. Hilda, Abbess of Whitby and in 1119 Robert Bruce, 1st Lord of Cleveland and Annandale, granted and confirmed the church of St. Hilda of Middleburg to Whitby.[1] Up until its closure on the Dissolution of the Monasteries by Henry VIII in 1537,[2] the church was maintained by 12 Benedictine monks, many of whom became vicars, or rectors, of various places in Cleveland. The importance of the early church at "Middleburg", later known as Middlesbrough Priory, is indicated by the fact that, in 1452, it possessed four altars.[citation needed]
After the Angles, the area became home to Viking settlers. Names of Viking origin (with the suffix by) are abundant in the area – for example, Ormesby, Stainsby, Maltby and Tollesby were once separate villages that belonged to Vikings called Orm, Steinn, Malti and Toll, but now form suburbs of Middlesbrough. The name Mydilsburgh is the earliest recorded form of Middlesbrough's name and dates to Anglo-Saxon times (400–1000 AD), while many of the aforementioned villages appear in the Domesday Book of 1086.
Other links persist in the area, often through school or road names, to now-outgrown or abandoned local settlements, such as the medieval settlement of Stainsby, deserted by 1757, which amounts to little more today than a series of grassy mounds near the A19 road.[3]

[edit] Development


Old Town Hall
In 1801, Middlesbrough was a farming hamlet with a population of just 25, living in four farmhouses. During the latter half of the 19th century, however, it experienced rapid growth.
The Stockton and Darlington Railway (S&DR) had been developed to transport coal from Witton Park Colliery and Shildon in West County Durham, to the River Tees in the east. It had always been assumed by the investors that Stockton as the then lowest bridging point on the River Tees would be suitable to take the largest ships at the required volume. However, as the trade developed, and with competition from the Clarence Railway which had established a new port on the north side of the river at Port Clarence, a better solution was required on the southside of the river.[4]
In 1828 the influential Quaker banker, coal mine owner and S&DR shareholder Joseph Pease sailed up the River Tees to find a suitable new site down river of Stockton on which to place new coal staithes. As a result, in 1829 he and a group of Quaker businessmen bought 527 acres (213 ha) of land described as "a dismal swamp",[4] and established the Middlesbrough Estate Company. Through the company, the investors intended to develop both a new port, and a suitable town to supply its labour.[4]
On 27 December 1830, the S&DR opened an extension across the river to a station at Newport, almost directly north of the current Middlesbrough railway station.[4] The S&DR quickly later renamed this new station and associated six-coal staithe dock facility as Port Darlington,[5] hoping to market the facility further. So successful was the port, a year after opening the population of Port Darlington had reached 2,350.[5]
However, with Port Darlington overwhelmed by the volume of imports and exports, in 1839 work started on Middlesbrough Dock. Laid out by Sir William Cubitt, the whole infrastructure was built by resident civil engineer George Turnbull.[5] After three years and an expenditure of £122,000 (equivalent to £9.65m at 2011 prices),[5] first water was let in on 19 March 1842, and the formal opening took place on 12 May 1842. On completion, the docks were bought by the S&DR.[5]

[edit] Industrialisation

Further information: Bolckow Vaughan and Dorman Long

A wall celebrating the name Ironopolis
Ironstone was discovered in the Eston Hills in 1850. In 1841, Henry Bolckow, who had come to England in 1827, formed a partnership with John Vaughan, originally of Worcester, and started an iron foundry and rolling mill at Vulcan Street in the town. It was Vaughan who realised the economic potential of local ironstone deposits. Pig iron production rose tenfold between 1851 and 1856.
The importance of the area to the developing iron and steel trade gave it the nickname Ironopolis.[6][7]
The first ten mayors of Middlesbrough[8]
YearName of Mayor
1853Henry William Ferdinand Bolckow
1854Isaac Wilson
1855John Vaughan
1856Henry Thompson
1858John Richardson
1859William Fallows
1860George Bottomley
1861James Harris
1862Thomas Brentnall
1863Edgar Gilkes
On 21 January 1853, Middlesbrough received its Royal Charter of Incorporation,[9] giving the town the right to have a mayor, aldermen and councillors. Henry Bolckow became mayor, in 1853.
On 15 August 1867, a Reform Bill was passed, making Middlesbrough a new parliamentary borough, Bolckow was elected member for Middlesbrough the following year.
The population of Middlesbrough, as county borough, peaked at almost 165,000 in the late 1960s but has been in decline since the early 1980s. The 2010 population was 142,400.
For many years in the 19th century, Teesside set the world price for iron and steel. The steel components of the Sydney Harbour Bridge (1932) were engineered and fabricated by Dorman Long of Middlesbrough. The company was also responsible for the New Tyne Bridge in Newcastle.
Several large shipyards also lined the Tees, including the Sir Raylton Dixon & Company, which produced hundreds of steam freighters including the infamous SS Mont-Blanc, the steamship which caused the 1917 Halifax Explosion in Canada.

[edit] Second World War

Main article: Middlesbrough during World War II
Middlesbrough was the first major British town and industrial target to be bombed during the Second World War. The steel making capacity and railways for carrying steel products were obvious targets. The Luftwaffe first bombed the town on 25 May 1940, when a lone bomber dropped 13 bombs between South Bank Road and the South Steel plant.[10] More bombing occurred throughout the course of the war, with the railway station put out of action for two weeks in 1942.[11]
By the end of the war over 200 buildings had been destroyed within the Middlesbrough area. Areas of early and mid-Victorian housing were demolished and much of central Middlesbrough was redeveloped. Heavy industry was relocated to areas of land better suited to the needs of modern technology. Middlesbrough itself began to take on a completely different look.[12]

[edit] Green Howards

Main article: The Green Howards
The Green Howards was a British Army infantry regiment very strongly associated with Middlesbrough and the area south of the River Tees. Originally formed at Dunster Castle, Somerset in 1688 to serve King William of Orange, later King William III,  in 1782. As Middlesbrough grew rapidly, its population was targeted by the Green Howards creating a bond that still remains today. two victoria crosses were awarded the Green Howards from Middlesbrough, Stanley Hollis was the only British service man awarded the VC on D Day XIX 

[edit] Governance

Middlesbrough was incorporated as a municipal borough in 1853. It extended its boundaries in 1866 and 1887, and became a county borough under the Local Government Act 1888. A Middlesbrough Rural District was formed in 1894, covering a rural area to the south of the town. It was abolished in 1932, partly going to the county borough; but mostly going to the Stokesley Rural District.[13]
In 1968 Middlesbrough became part of the County Borough of Teesside, and in 1974 it became part of the non-metropolitan county of Cleveland until the county's abolition in 1996, when Middlesbrough became a unitary authority.

[edit] Politics

Currently the Middlesbrough constituency is represented by Andy McDonald for Labour in the House of Commons. He was elected in a by-election held on 29 November 2012 following the death of previous Member of Parliament Sir Stuart Bell, who was the MP since 1983. Middlesbrough has been a traditionally safe Labour seat. The first Conservative MP for Middlesbrough was Sir Samuel Alexander Sadler, elected in 1900.

[edit] Local Government

[edit] Mayor
In 2002, Middlesbrough voted to have a directly elected mayor as head of the council. The current mayor is Ray Mallon (independent), formerly a senior officer in Cleveland Police. Mallon has served terms beginning in 2002, 2007 and 2011. Prior to having an elected mayor the council had a ceremonial mayor. The functions of this office have been transferred to the office of "Chair of Middlesbrough Council".
The first Mayor of Middlesbrough was the German-born Henry Bolckow in 1853.[14][15] During the 20th Century, including introduction of universal suffrage in 1918, and changes in local government in the United Kingdom, the role of mayor changed. Unlike some other cities with a "City Mayor" and "Ceremonial Mayor" the traditional civic and ceremonial functions of the Mayor, including mayoral chains and robes, are now vested with the role now called 'Chair of Middlesbrough Council'. The Chair is still chosen by the Council from amongst the elected Councillors. For the year 2011-2012 the Chair is Councillor Stephen Bloundele.[16]

[edit] Geography

The following list are the different wards, districts and suburbs of Middlesbrough.

Albert Road in Middlesbrough town centre

[edit] Climate

Middlesbrough has an oceanic climate typical for the United Kingdom. Being sheltered by both the Lake District and Pennines to the west, Middlesbrough is in one of the relatively drier parts of the country, receiving on average 25 inches (640 millimetres) of rain a year. It has more of a continental climate than other parts of the UK, with above average summer temperatures, and below average winter temperatures. Summer highs typically reach around 20 °C (68 °F), while winter lows can fall to several degrees below 0 °C (32 °F).[citation needed]
[hide]Climate data for Middlesbrough
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Average high °C (°F)6
(43)		7
(44)		9
(48)		11
(52)		14
(58)		17
(63)		20
(68)		19
(67)		17
(62)		13
(55)		9
(48)		7
(45)		12
(54)
Average low °C (°F)1
(34)		1
(34)		2
(36)		3
(37)		6
(43)		8
(46)		11
(52)		11
(52)		9
(48)		6
(43)		3
(37)		2
(36)		6
(42)
Precipitation mm (inches)56.1
(2.21)		38.9
(1.53)		51.1
(2.01)		52.1
(2.05)		49.5
(1.95)		54.9
(2.16)		44.4
(1.75)		61.2
(2.41)		57.4
(2.26)		56.9
(2.24)		61.5
(2.42)		59.2
(2.33)		643.1
(25.32)
Source: [17]

[edit] Transport

Middlesbrough is served well by public transport notably by the Arriva North East and Stagecoach. National Express and Megabus operate long distance coach travel from the bus station.
Train services are operated by Northern Rail and Transpennine Express, the latter of which provides direct rail services to cities such as Leeds, York, Liverpool and Manchester, departing from Middlesbrough railway station.

[edit] Landmarks


Acklam Hall
Located in the suburb and former village of Acklam, Middlesbrough's oldest domestic building is Acklam Hall of c.1680–83. Built by Sir William Hustler, it is also Middlesbrough's sole Grade I listed building.[18][19] The Restoration mansion, accessible through an avenue of trees off Acklam Road, has seen progressive updates through the centuries, making a captivating document of varying trends in English architecture.

Transporter Bridge, built in 1911
Via a 1907 Act of Parliament, Sir William Arrol & Co. of Glasgow built the Transporter Bridge (1911) which spans the River Tees between Middlesbrough and Port Clarence. At 850 feet (260 m) long and 225 feet (69 m) high, is one of the largest of its type in the world, and one of only two left in working order in Britain (the other being in Newport). The bridge remains in daily use. It is, a Grade II* listed building.
Another landmark, the Tees Newport Bridge, a vertical lift bridge, opened further along the river in 1934. Newport bridge still stands and is passable by traffic, but it no can longer lift the centre section.
The urban centre of Middlesbrough remains home to a variety of architecture ranging from the Middlesbrough Institute of Modern Art, opened in January 2007 to replace a number of former outlying galleries; and Centre North East, formerly Corporation House, which opened in 1971. Many believe that there is a beauty to be found in the surrounding landscape of industry along the River Tees from Billingham to Wilton. The terraced Victorian streets surrounding the town centre are characterful elements of Middlesbrough's social and historical identity, and the vast streets surrounding Parliament Road and Abingdon Road a reminder of the area's wealth and rapid growth during industrialisation.

Middlesbrough Town Hall
Middlesbrough Town Hall, designed by George Gordon Hoskins and built between 1883 and 1887 is a Grade II listed building, and a very imposing structure. Of comparable grandeur, is the Empire Palace of Varieties, of 1897, the finest surviving theatre edifice designed by Ernest Runtz in the UK. The first artist to star there in its guise as a music hall was Lillie Langtry. Later it became an early nightclub (1950s), then a bingo hall and is now once again a nightclub. Further afield, in Linthorpe, is the Middlesbrough Theatre opened by Sir John Gielgud in 1957; it was one of the first new theatres built in England after the Second World War.

Middlesbrough Central (Public) Library
The town includes England's only public sculpture by Claes Oldenburg,[citation needed] the "Bottle O' Notes" of 1993, which relates to Captain James Cook. Based alongside it today in the town's Central Gardens is the Middlesbrough Institute of Modern Art (MIMA). Refurbished in 2006, is the Carnegie library, dating from 1912. The Dorman Long office on Zetland Road, constructed between 1881 and 1891, is the only commercial building ever designed by Philip Webb, the architect who worked for Sir Isaac Lowthian Bell.

Temenos sculpture at Middlehaven.
Away from the town centre, at Middlehaven stands the Temenos sculpture, designed by sculptor Anish Kapoor and designer Cecil Balmond. The steel structure, consisting of a pole, a circular ring and an oval ring, stands approximately 110 m long and 50 m high and is held together by steel wire. It was unveiled in 2010 at a cost of £2.7 million.

[edit] Culture and leisure


Dorman Museum
The Middlesbrough Institute of Modern Art opened its doors in January 2007. It holds the second largest collection of Picassos in the United Kingdom.[citation needed] It also holds works by Andy Warhol, Henri Matisse and Damien Hirst among others. Its considerable arts and crafts collections span from 1900 to the present day.
Middlesbrough also has a healthy musical heritage. A number of bands hail from the area, including Chris Rea, Journey South and Collectors Club.

Middlesbrough Institute of Modern Art (mima)
Middlesbrough has two major recreational park spaces in Albert Park and Stewart Park, Marton. Albert Park was donated to the town by Henry Bolckow in 1866. It was formally opened by Prince Arthur on 11 August 1868, and comprises a 30 hectares (74 acres) site. The park underwent a considerable period of restoration from 2001 to 2004, during which a number of the park's landmarks, saw either restoration or revival. Stewart Park was donated to the people of Middlesbrough in 1928 by Councillor Thomas Dorman Stewart and encompasses Victorian stable buildings, lakes and animal pens. During 2011 and 2012, the park underwent major refurbishment. Alongside these two parks are two of the town's cultural attractions, the century-old Dorman Memorial Museum and the Captain Cook Birthplace Museum.
Newham Grange Leisure farm in Coulby Newham, one of the most southerly districts of the town, has operated continuously in this spot since the 17th century, becoming a leisure farm with the first residential development of the suburb in the 1970s. It is now a burgeoning tourist attraction: the chance to view its cattle, pigs, sheep and other farm animals is complemented by exhibitions of the farming history of the area.
In the Middlehaven ward, is the Transporter Bridge Visitor Centre, opened in 2000 and offering its own exhibitions charting the stirring past of the surrounding industrial powerhouse, as well as that of the singular structure it commemorates.

[edit] Sport


Riverside Stadium, 2010
Middlesbrough is home to the Championship football team, Middlesbrough F.C., owned by local haulage entrepreneur Steve Gibson. The club is based at the Riverside Stadium on the banks of the River Tees, where they have played since relocating from Ayresome Park, their home for 92 years until 1995. Founder members of the Premier League in 1992, Middlesbrough won the Football League Cup in 2004,[20] and were beaten finalists in the 2005-06 UEFA Cup.[21] In 1905 they made history with Britain's first £1,000 transfer when they signed Alf Common from local rivals Sunderland.[22] Another league club, Middlesbrough Ironopolis F.C., was briefly based in the town in the late 19th century, but folded within a few years.
Speedway racing was staged at Cleveland Park Stadium from the pioneer days of 1928 until the 1990s. The post-war team, known as The Middlesbrough Bears, and for a time, The Teessiders, the Teesside Tigers and the Middlesbrough Tigers operated at all levels. The track operated for amateur speedway in the 1950s before re-opening in the Provincial League of 1961. The track closed for a spell later in the 1960s but returned in as members of the Second Division as The Teessiders.
Middlesbrough is also represented nationally in Futsal. Middlesbrough Futsal Club play in the FA Futsal League North, the national championship and their home games are played in Thornaby at Thornaby Pavilion.
Middlesbrough hosts several road races through the year. In September, the annual Middlesbrough Tees Pride 10k road race[23] is held on a one lap circuit round the southern part of the town. First held in 2005, the race now attracts several thousand competitors, from the serious club athlete to those in fancy dress raising money for local charities.

[edit] Education


Middlesbrough Tower, Teesside University
Middlesbrough became a university town in 1992, after a concerted campaign[by whom?] for a distinct "Teesside University" which had run since the 1960s. Prior to its establishment, extramural classes had been provided by the University of Leeds Adult Education Centre on Harrow Road, from 1958 to 2001.[24] Teesside University has more than 20,000 students. It dates back to 1930 as Constantine Technical College. Current departments of the university include Teesside University Business School and Schools of Arts and Media, Computing, Health and Social Care, Science & Engineering and Social Sciences & Law. The university teaches computer animation and games design and co-hosts the annual Animex International Festival of Animation.
There are also modern schools, colleges and sixth forms colleges, the largest of which is Middlesbrough College, in Middlehaven, with 16,000 students. Others include Trinity Catholic College in Acklam[25] and Macmillan Academy on Stockton Road. Cleveland College of Art and Design, which opened in 1960, is also based in Middlesbrough and Hartlepool. It is one of only four specialist art and design further education colleges in the United Kingdom.

[edit] Secondary schools

Secondary schools in Middlesbrough include:

[edit] Religion

[edit] Christianity

Middlesbrough is a deanery of the Archdeaconry of Cleveland, a subdivision of the Church of England Diocese of York in the Province of York. It stretches west from Thirsk, north to Middlesbrough, east to Whitby and south to Pickering.
Middlesbrough is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Middlesbrough, which was created on 20 December 1878 from the Diocese of Beverley. Middlesbrough is home to the Mother-Church of the diocese, St. Mary's Cathedral, which is located in the suburb of Coulby Newham. The present bishop is the Right Reverend Terence Patrick Drainey, 7th Bishop of Middlesbrough, who was ordained on Friday 25 January 2008.
St. Stephen's, Middlesbrough, near the university campus, is an evangelical congregation, worshipping in the style of the Church of England, but which is in the Evangelical Connexion.[27]

[edit] Islam

The Islamic community is represented in several mosques in Middlesbrough. Muslim sailors visited Middlesbrough from about 1890.[28] and, in 1961, Azzam Din opened the first Halal butcher shop.[28] The first mosque was a house in Grange Road in 1962.[28] The Al-Madina Jamia Mosque, on Waterloo Road, the Dar ul Islam Central Mosque, on Southfield Road, and the Abu Bakr Mosque & Community Centre,[29] which is on Park Road North, are among the best known mosques in Middlesbrough today.

[edit] Sikhism

The Sikh community established their first Temple, or Gurdwara, in Milton Street, in 1967.[28] After a time in Southfield Road, the centre is now in Lorne Street and was opened in 1990.[28]

[edit] Hinduism

There is a Hindu Cultural Centre in Westbourne Road, North Ormesby, which was opened in 1990.[28]

[edit] Television and filmography

Middlesbrough has featured in many television programmes, including The Fast Show, Steel River Blues, Spender, Play for Today (The Black Stuff; latterly the drama Boys from the Blackstuff) and Auf Wiedersehen, Pet.
Some of the Movie Billy Elliot was filmed on the Middlesbrough Transporter Bridge.
In May 2008 Middlesbrough was chosen as one of the sites in the BBC's Public Space Broadcasting Project. Like other towns participating in the project, Middlesbrough was offered a large 27 m2 (290 sq ft) television screen by the BBC and the London Organising Committee of the Olympic Games. The screen was installed on 11 July 2008 and is located at the western end of Centre Square.
In November 2009, the mima art gallery was used by the presenters of Top Gear as part of a challenge. The challenge was to see if car exhibits would be more popular than normal art.[30]

[edit] Notable people


James Cook, portrait by Nathaniel Dance, c. 1775, National Maritime Museum, Greenwich
The world-famous explorer, navigator, and map maker Captain James Cook was born in Marton, which is now a suburb in the south of Middlesbrough.
Other famous people from Middlesbrough include:
Sports
The Arts
Other Entertainers
Other eminent sons and daughters of Middlesbrough and its environs include Sir Martin Narey (1955–present), former Director General of the Prison Service and chief executive of Barnardo's, Professor Sir Liam Donaldson,[32] Chief Medical Officer for England, E. W. Hornung, the creator of the gentleman-crook Raffles (who was fluent in three Yorkshire dialects), and Naomi Jacob novelist. Florence Easton, the Wagnerian soprano at the New York Met and Cyril Smith (1909–1974), the concert pianist, were also natives. The famous MP Ellen Wilkinson wrote a novel Clash (1929) which paints a very positive picture of "Shireport" (Middlesbrough). The classic study, At The Works (1907), by Florence Bell (1851–1930), gives a striking picture of the area at the turn of the 19th to 20th century. She also edited the letters of her stepdaughter Gertrude Bell (1868–1926), which has been continuously in print since 1927. Pat Barker's debut novel Union Street was set on the thoroughfare of the same name in the town. The Jonny Briggs series of books, written by Joan Eadington (and later to become a BBC Children's TV series of the same name, was also based in the town.
Ford Madox Ford (1873–1939) was billeted in Eston during the Great War (1914–18) and his great novel sequence Parade's End is partly set in Busby Hall, Carlton-in-Cleveland.
Stanley Hollis (1912-1972), recipient of the only Victoria Cross awarded on D-Day (6th June 1944).
Adrian "Six Medals" Warburton, air photographer, was played by Alec Guinness in Malta Story.
The great model maker Richard Old (1856–1932) resided for most of his life at 6 Ruby Street.

[edit] Image gallery

[edit] Twin town

Middlesbrough is twinned with:[33]

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ "Welcome to Middlesbrough". Retrieved 12 March 2011. 
  2. ^ Moorsom, Norman (1983). Middlesbrough as it was. Hendon Publishing Co. Ltd. 
  3. ^ "Stainsby Medieval Village". Tees Archaeology. Retrieved 20 December 2007. 
  4. ^ a b c d "Cargo Fleet". Dusused Stations. Retrieved 24 March 2013. 
  5. ^ a b c d e Paul Delplanque (17 November 2011). "Middlesbrough Dock 1839-1980". Middlesbrough Gazette. Retrieved 24 March 2013. 
  6. ^ Northern Echo 23 February 1870 "Middlesbrough has sometimes been designated the Ironopolis of the North."
  7. ^ Journal of Social History, Vol. 37, No. 3 (Spring, 2004), p 746 "Middlesbrough never ceased to be Ironopolis.."
  8. ^ "Middlesbrough Parish information from Bulmers' 1890.". GENUKI. Retrieved 1 November 2008. 
  9. ^ "History of Cleveland Police". Retrieved 3 April 2011. 
  10. ^ "Remembering the blitz". Middlesbrough Evening Gazette. September 2010. 
  11. ^ "Middlesbrough Railway Station bombed 1942". rememberwhen.gazettelive.co.uk. Middlesbrough Evening Gazette. April 2010. 
  12. ^ "Middlesbrough 1940's". Billmilner.250x.com. 4 August 1942. Retrieved 4 September 2011. 
  13. ^ Youngs, Guide to the Local Administrative Units of England, Volume 2
  14. ^ Appletons' Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events, Volume 18 - Page 650 1886 "Bolckow, Henry "William Ferdinand, a British manufacturer, born in Germany in 1806, died June 18, 1878. ... He was the first Mayor of Middlesborough [sic], a place which owes much of its prosperity to his energy and enterprise"
  15. ^ Up The Boro! - Page 9 2011 "This was followed in 1868 by Middlesbrough's first Parliamentary Elections, in which Henry Bolckow (1806-1878) of the firm Bolckow & Vaughan wanted to stand for election, however this was initially blocked by the fact that he was a foreigner ..."
  16. ^ Middlesbrough Council - Chair of the Council
  17. ^ "Monthly Climatology for Travel Section". weather.com. Retrieved 4 September 2011. 
  18. ^ "Middlesbrough Council:Listed Buildings Overview". Retrieved 6 April 2011. 
  19. ^ "Middlesbrough Council:PDF of Listed Buildings". Retrieved 6 April 2011. 
  20. ^ "Boro lift Carling Cup". BBC Sport. 29 February 2004. Retrieved 2 January 2008. 
  21. ^ "Sevilla end 58-year wait". uefa.com. Retrieved 2 January 2008. 
  22. ^ Proud, Keith (18 August 2008). "The player with the Common touch". The Northern Echo. Newsquest Media. Retrieved 12 February 2012. 
  23. ^ Middlesbrough Council "runmiddlesbrough" website. "Middlesbrough 10k road race". Retrieved 30 March 2012. 
  24. ^ Chase, Malcolm (Spring 2007). "Leeds in Linthorpe". Cleveland History, Bulletin of the Cleveland and Teesside Local History Society (92): 5. 
  25. ^ Trinity Catholic College website
  26. ^ "Ofsted Macmillan Academy". www.ofsted.gov.uk. Retrieved 19 July 2009. 
  27. ^ "Evangelical Connexion". Ec-fce.org.uk. 2 June 2011. Retrieved 4 September 2011. 
  28. ^ a b c d e f "Visit Middlesbrough - The Middlesbrough Faith Trail: Muslims in Middlesbrough.". Retrieved 4 September 2011. 
  29. ^ "Abu Bakr Mosque, Middlesbrough (Website)". Abubakr.org.uk. Retrieved 4 September 2011. 
  30. ^ "Top Gear stars in Middlesbrough visit". Gazettelive.co.uk. Retrieved 4 September 2011. 
  31. ^ "Herbert McCabe". The Daily Telegraph (London). 20 August 2001. 
  32. ^ "The Birmingham Magazine". University of Birmingham. September 2008. Retrieved 10 June 2009. [dead link]
  33. ^ "Town Twinning". Middlesbrough Council. Retrieved 4 March 2013. 

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