Magnetic carbon.

This image shows what i believe to be carbon i took from a vesicle of a rock found at Stainton beck stuck to a fridge magnet.

Below is a paper on the latest thoughts on magnetic carbon.  Heath Barnes.

What Makes Carbon Magnetic?

Is carbon a magnetic material? Until very recently the answer to that question was a definite no. However, recent experiments have indicated that, in certain forms, carbon can show strong magnetic characteristics. Carbon is a vital element for life on Earth and shows remarkable versatility. The possibility that it can be coaxed into magnetic behaviour opens up a huge vista of potentially useful applications. In addition, it throws the conventional theory on strongly magnetic materials into some confusion. To date, the observation of ferromagnetic properties has only been observed as a small fraction of some carbon samples. Pure carbon can take many forms, ranging from graphite to diamond, alongside more recently discovered forms such as the fullerenes – C₆₀. Ferromagnetic behaviour has so far been observed in pressure and light polymerised fullerenes and irradiated graphite, amongst others. These fullerenes form a series of one-, two- and three-dimensional phases. The ferromagnetic phase remains at room temperature, although magnetic domains were found to be diluted in a matrix of non-magnetic material.
Magnetic Attraction
The FERROCARBON project brings together an array of European scientific talent from Italy, Spain, Germany, Sweden, Russia and the United Kingdom – all world leaders in this field. Their skills cover the broad competencies in theoretical and experimental chemistry and physics, plus material science and engineering, which are needed to achieve the challenging task of understanding how to produce magnetic carbon routinely and in bulk. There are a number of competing experimental and theoretical approaches to the production and understanding of magnetic carbon which the FERROCARBON project will need to evaluate, analyse, improve and synthesise to achieve its aims. These aims are straightforward: to discover how to control the magnetic properties of carbon-based materials; to understand the microscopic origin of ferromagnetism in these materials; and to discover new, useful magnetic carbon materials.
A systematic characterisation study of proton-bombarded graphite, bulk fullerenes and carbon-based polymers and thin fullerene films will be undertaken, in parallel with theoretical work on the introduction of ‘defects' in these materials. The productionmethods for fullerene polymers will be refined to improve the quality and quantity of the magnetic phase so that it can be characterised more precisely. In parallel, theoretical calculations will be used to investigate a variety of carbon structures to predict the effects of structural and chemical defects. The results of both the experimental and theoretical work will be a rational basis for new magnetic material design based on carbon.
Strong Points
The work will also explore the characteristics of other fullerene phases that show exceptional strength and hardness, as well as a wide variety of electronic properties and other magnetic properties such as magnetostriction (a change in physical dimension due to a change in magnetic field). These properties herald application opportunities in sensors, optics and spintronics. The prospect of being able to control the properties at nano-scale to produce, in effect, molecule-sized magnets is particularly exciting. This could lead to significant advances in data storage and security/identification. The discovery of a bio-compatible ferromagnetic carbon also opens up possibilities for magnetic control of drug delivery, contrast agents for MRI scans, and new approaches to cancer therapy. FERROCARBON also aims to make a considerable input to fundamental science. The existence of carbon-based magnetic material requires a root-and-branch rework of magnetic theory. The existing theory for magnetism in elements with only ‘s' and ‘p' electron orbits (such as carbon) is in an embryonic state and will develop rapidly in the next few years. Members of the NEST project team will be leading this new science and expect to point the way towards a single-phase bulk carbon magnet.


                       For more info and images regarding my  research into other magnetic minerals please click the link below

The magnetic properties of the Cleveland dyke in t...

More magnetic rock

The  rock to the left has the same indentations as the split rock to the right they both attract a small magnet strongly,  i believe they must a be basaltic rock but ive never come across this surface pattern before. Also one was dug from the gavel beds at Stainton the other found in Ormesby beck, but ime certain it originated from the same gravel bed in that location.

 

 

The magnetic properties of the Cleveland dyke in t...

Possible structure found above Stainton gravel beds.

I first thought as can be viewed in earlier posts, that most of the stone in the possible structure was mostly yellow sandstone. But it seems that the stone is of all kinds, but i have noticed after washing and drying the stones i have had to remove to get further in to the bank, the stones are of very different colours including blue ,violet , red , and yellow, and all have one thing in common they all display well preserved fossils.

Possible ancient structure

This is what i believe is part of the same structure, on the opposite side of the beck, what i think has happened is the tree roots from the large tree above over a long time of slow growth have caused the sandstone structure? to splay to the left and right, as well as pushing some of the sandstone down into the gravel bed it sat on.

The stone is exactly the same as the structure uncovered in the opposite bank (yellow sandstone)

The image above shows one of at least two large sandstone pieces that have been undisturbed by the roots and sit on the gravel bed in the same way as the structure? on the opposite bank, a believe it will go a lot deeper into the clay deposits, its going to be very hard to expose further as the roots of the dead tree above are huge.

Professor Wegener's theory.

I quote. According to Professor Wegener the continents are really afloat. He considers the earth's crust to consist of (a ) a lower, heavier stratum, of which the average upper level is the sea bed; (b) an upper, lighter stratum, of which the continents are formed. His idea is that the continents float, like ice- floes, on and partly in, the lower stratum, They are not stationary, and they drift in tory movement. America, he says, has parted company quite recently from the old world and drifted west; he points to the parallelism of their Atlantic coasts. In Carboniferous times he sees an Antarctic continent which included parts of South America, South Africa, and Australia and New Zealand moved to the east, South America broke apart from Africa, and India drifted away to the north. The long ranges of mountains boardering continents(e.g., the Andes) he regards as crumplings which would be rucked up as the continental edge ploughed its way through the substratum


. RECENT LITERATURE WILL SUPPLY THE ARGUMENTS FOR AND AGAINST THIS THEORY. ( THE ELEMENTS OF GEOLOGY BY MARY A. JOHNSTONE 1927 )


 Most did not agree with professor Wegener and this statement was made  only 85 Years ago !

Clay deposit close to the dyke.

This recently found deposit was initially blue, but over the last week has turned green, this may be due to a chemical reaction to being exposed ?

The deposit rises at about the same angle as all the other exposures uncovered so far. 

 

 

For more info and images regarding the Stainton gravel beds please click the l;ink below

 

The Stainton gravel beds

New images of possible structure

The stone to the rear attracts the small magnet, i think this stone unlike the yellow sandstone viewed to the front is whinstone, the next two stones appear to be grey limestone, then the yellow stones.

The highest stone in this image appears to have been rounded ie no sharp edges.

My worry is that if the bank collapses it will destroy what could be a very important discovery.

Ormesby beck deposits

Ormesby beck about 3 miles east of Stainton beck, has the same sequence of deposits in this image the ever present red clay sits beneath the gravel bed.

The gravel bed contains the same material as found at Stainton, a limestone piece containing mainly gryphaea can be seen sat on the red clay.

As at Stainton, Maltby, and Stainsby becks the gravel beds contain organic material.

This thin line of bright red then blue running through the red clay looks to be the same as found at Maltby, it can be seen clearly running beneath the beck.

This image shows that Ormesby beck is at an advanced stage in cutting through the red clay, than at the other beck locations.

This is further upstream showing the blue grey seem that has been uncovered above the gravel bed at Stainton and Maltby.

A close up of the first excavation showing the gravel bed sat on the red clay, the gravel bed contains magnetic whin stone as at all the other locations.

 

More can be viewed regarding the Stainton gravel beds by clicking the link below

The Stainton gravel beds

New images of mineralised bos skulls

Possible structure excavated

This is an image of my first contact with the possible structure

The gravel bed is very thin and not constant like the dig on the opposite bank.

I did at first think it was a sandstone boulder crushed and split by geological pressures from above, but then found limestone included in the line of stone going into the clay bank.

It does appear to have maybe collapsed to this angle.

I have informed certain professional organisations of this excavation, and hope to get some feed back soon, i am worried about any damage that could be done due to flooding.

This could well be some geological phenomena i have not seen before, but it looks very much like it was built.

The line of stone does dissipate but still unmistakeably runs straight and deep into the lower clay deposit that sits above the gravel bed.